HAPS-Based Relaying for Integrated Space–Air–Ground Networks With Hybrid FSO/RF Communication: A Performance Analysis

Optical wireless communication (OWC) has garnered significant importance to provide gigabit capacity links owing its unique features. Free-space optics (FSO) communication, which is the term used for OWC in an outdoor scenario, a good candidate establish ground-to-satellite/satellite-to-ground links. Despite of many advantages, FSO uplink limited by adverse effects beam-wander, beam scintillation, and pointing errors. Therefore, counteract limitations, it wise backup with reliable radio frequency (RF) In addition, complementary characteristics exhibited RF atmospheric have paved way hybrid FSO/RF communication. recent years, growing interest also witnessed research development space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN). This article aims fuse technologies networks utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), such as high-altitude platform station (HAPS) relay achieving better reliability. Thus, we propose single-hop SAGIN-based dual-hop system models satellite performance investigated using analytical simulation results. summary, results show that systems perform than scenario due link.